In our previous lessons, we mastered the basics of organizing data. Now, it's time to refine how we tell stories with that data—and perhaps more importantly, how to catch others when they try to tell us a misleading one.
Expanding Our Toolbox (Lesson 2.3) Sometimes a simple bar graph isn't enough to capture the nuance of a dataset. In Lesson 2.3, we are introducing three powerful new ways to visualize quantitative data:
- Frequency Polygons: These help us visualize the shape of a distribution by connecting class midpoints. Remember the LogicLens Anchor Rule here: a polygon must always be a closed shape, so don't forget to "anchor" your graph to the x-axis at the beginning and end!
- Ogives: Pronounced "oh-jive," these graphs are the go-to tool for accumulation. Because they track cumulative frequency, they never slope downward. They are particularly useful for quickly identifying percentiles, such as finding the score that represents the top 10% of the class.
- Time-Series Plots: When data moves, we need to track it. These plots allow us to distinguish between long-term trends (like the stock market rising over a decade) and predictable seasonality (like ice cream sales peaking every July).
The Art of Deception (Lesson 2.4) Once you know how to build a graph, you need to know how to break one. Lesson 2.4 focuses on Graphical Misrepresentations—the tricks advertisers and news outlets use to manipulate your perception.
We will cover the "Big Three" of bad graphs:
- The Truncated Axis: By starting the y-axis at a number other than zero, small differences can be exaggerated to look massive.
- Scaling Manipulation: Stretching or compressing the axes to make a volatile trend look stable (or a stable trend look dangerous).
- The Pictograph Problem: Using 3D objects (like money bags or oil drums) to represent 1D data. This violates the square-cube law; when you double the height of an image, our eyes perceive it as eight times larger, completely distorting the data.
Check out the full Honest Graph Checklist on the site to ensure your displays—and the ones you read—are mathematically sound!